Towards Performance-Based Control Evaluation Using a Hybrid Digital Twin for Hydrogen-Based Testing and Experimentation Facilities

Abstract: Current digital twins for hydrogen energy systems mainly rely on physics-based simulations. Still, data-driven approaches are not fully deployed, limiting the ability to support systematic evaluation of control strategies under diverse operating scenarios. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a hybrid digital twin framework for hydrogen-based testing and experimentation facilities, integrating physics-based and data-driven models, which combines time-series and contextual data. The framework enables scenario-based experimentation and performance-oriented control evaluation. While no experimental results are yet presented, the proposed approach establishes a scalable foundation for performance-based feedback loops, supporting future development of adaptive, energy-efficient, and low-carbon control strategies.