Integrating Time, Cost and Resources in BIM: A Process-Oriented Framework

Abstract: Current practices in scheduling, cost estimation, and resource accounting rely on fragmented workflows, unclear use of IFC classes, and proprietary tools that hinder interoperability. These limitations lead to error-prone, non-standardized processes. This study proposes a method based on IFC4x3 that defines construction processes and process templates to integrate time, cost, and resource data within IFC. A web-based prototype demonstrates the approach, enabling automatic generation of WBS, CBS, Bills of Quantities, and 4D simulations. Results confirm the feasibility and completeness of IFC for these domains, providing a foundation for interoperable, standardized project-control tools and future real-case implementations.