Defining a Blockchain-Verified Specimen Passport for 3DCP Standardisation

Abstract: 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) adoption is limited by prescriptive standards that cannot accommodate interdependent process parameters (e.g., nozzle speed, layer height, curing) affecting mechanical performance. Current approaches lack a tamper-proof, end-to-end linkage between production parameters and mechanical outcomes. We propose a blockchain-verified 3D-Printed Concrete specimen passport, defining its data schema, smart-contract logic, and integration with performancebased standardisation. The passport records production process, mechanical profile, and a 28-day compressive strength grade. Blockchain’s immutable ledger and smart contracts automatically verify performance claims and assign 3DCP grades, enabling flexible, auditable certification. This provides a foundational reference for data-driven 3DCP compliance, fostering industrial adoption.